Second assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Second - Assignment Example Hitherto, one needs to clarify this result: was she pushed to stealing because of her social structure or was it her choice? In anthropology, this question can be shaped and reformed into one of the most famous debates in this field: what drives human action? Is it the social structure in which the human exists, or the agent, wherein the human action is due to decisions and free will? Not so long ago have I had the fortune to enter such a debate with some friends. The main subject of the debate was: was one of our friends actions due to her environment or was it her decision? I, honestly, believed that it was because of her environment and apparently her ability to deal with it was all because of how her environment shaped her. Therefore, going back to Liesel, I would say that her stealing was caused by her choking environment. In other words, its the social structure that shapes the human actions. Likewise, theorists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Marvin Harris would also agree in such notion. Social structure, in the simplest definitions, would be the arrangement of human relations in a society. At the same time, social structure would also be the environment in which humans exist. In this environment, it could either be the society or of the biological, physical or chemical origin (Harris). Now, going back, Marx, being one of the key theorists in anthropology, looked at human actions based on the interest of the individual itself. He gave the idea that an individual formulating ideologies force these ideas to the society in order to reshape the society where this individual grew up in. Incidentally, these ideologies formed by the individual came from the ideas presented by the society. In other words, Marx was trying to point out that humans would not be altering their society if, in the first place, they were not introduced to such

Sarojini naidu Essay Example for Free

Sarojini naidu Essay Indian poet, lecturer, and politician. Naidu is remembered as a virtuoso of English metrical forms and romantic imagery in her poetry, which she wrote in English. Her mastery of such difficult poetic constructs as the dactylic prompted the English writers Edmund Gosse and Arthur Symons to praise her work widely and develop friendships with her. Equally concerned with Indias freedom movement and womens rights as with writing poetry, Naidu became a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and lectured on behalf of Indian independence throughout India, Africa, the United States, and Canada. Her political career reached its peak when she was elected the first woman governor of the United Provinces in 1947. Biographical Information Naidu was born into a high-caste Bengali family in 1879. Her father, Aghorenath Chattopadhyaya, became, after obtaining his doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, a distinguished scholar and linguist who founded two Indian colleges, one for women. Naidus mother, Varada Sundari, was a minor poet and noted singer. Naidu began writing poetry as a child and at the age of twelve passed the matriculation examination for the University of Madras. As a teenager, Naidu fell in love with Govindarajulu Naidu, a doctor who was neither Bengali nor of the Brahmin caste. Hoping to prevent their daughter from marrying outside her social group, her parents sent her to England in 1895. There Naidu attended Kings College, London, and Girton College, Cambridge, where she further developed her poetic style and became friends with such well-known English critics and writers as Edmund Gosse and Arthur Symons, who helped her to refine her work. In 1898 Naidu returned to India and married Govindarajulu Naidu despite her familys disapproval. Because of her familys high status, Naidu had access to many of the most prominent thinkers, writers, and political figures of Indias modern intellectual renaissance. Her first volume of poetry, The Golden Threshold, was published in England in 1905; with an introduction by Arthur Symons. The book was well-received, and Naidu was encouraged to continue publishing her work until 1917, when she abruptly stopped. At this point, Naidu became active in Indian politics. She had met Gandhi in 1914 and soon decided to join him in the struggle for Indian independence. Naidus first cause as a political activist was womens rights; she traveled throughout India lecturing on womens educational needs and promoting suffrage, and became the first woman to hold several prominent positions in the Indian government. In 1925 she was elected President of the Indian National Congress, and during the 1920s traveled throughout Africa and North America campaigning for Indian independence. Naidu was arrested and imprisoned for revolutionary activities several times during her career. In 1947-when independence was achieved-Naidu was elected acting governor of the United Provinces. She died in 1949. Major Works Naidus early poetry evidences the strong Western influence of her Brahmin upbringing. Crafting poems in traditional English metrical forms, she concentrated primarily on Western themes and images. Edmund Gosse, upon reading her work when he met her in London, recognized Naidus potential but encouraged her to incorporate Indian subjects into her work. Naidu followed Gosses advice, and her first volume, The Golden Threshold, combines traditional poetic forms with lush images of India. The book achieved popular and critical success in England, where Edwardian readers admired Naidus deft handling of the English language as well as the native view of Indian exotica it offered them. Naidus second collection of poems, The Bird of Time (1912), confronted more serious themes such as death and grief as well as containing poems expressing Naidus patriotism and religious convictions. Gosse provided the forward to this volume, noting Naidus rich exploration of complex issues in delicate, romantic language. In her third volume, The Broken Wing (1917), Naidu included more poems of patriotism and description of Indian culture. More important, The Broken Wing contains the work many critics consider Naidus greatest poetic achievement, The Temple: A Pilgrimage of Love. A series of twenty-four poems, The Temple explores the joys, pain, and vagaries of a mature love relationship in graphic, sometimes violent, imagery, and concludes in a meditation on death. The Broken Wing was the last volume of poetry published in Naidus lifetime. Many critics have wondered about the reason for her apparently sudden departure from literary pursuits to political involvement. Some speculate that her popularity dwindled, particularly in England, when she moved away from the flowery, romantic style of her early poetry to a comparatively morbid and contemplative tone in her later work. Others contend that her preoccupation with patriotic themes caused readers to lose interest. In 1961 Naidus daughter published a collection of her previously unpublished poems, The Feather of the Dawn, but it met with little critical interest. Her poetry has since undergone reevaluation by Indian critics, many of whom regard her as one of Indias greatest twentieth-century poets.

Climate Change And The Disaster Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change And The Disaster Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change and the disaster of the environment have driven the planet in a crucial state. Although it is irreversible, countries all over the world have entered a route of mitigating this disaster. In this essay we are going to talk about how Hamburg, one of the largest cities in Europe and one of the largest and busiest ports worldwide, have managed to solve in a big percentage, regardless of its big population, issues, among others, like reduction of CO2 emissions and management of waste disposal and recirculation. We are also going to see one environmental issue that hasnt been solved yet and we are going to explore the various impacts of this as well as what Hamburg is planning to do about it in the future.2 The city of Hamburg and the importance of its port The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is a city state and the second largest city in Germany with 1,7 million of inhabitants. It is a cultural and a commercial center for Northern Germany, its metropolitan region consisting of approximately 4 million people. Hamburg municipal area is equal to 755,3 km2 and embraces 14 districts around the City of Hamburg.(HPA,2011) It is the third biggest industrial area In Germany after Ruhr and Berlin, with business related to aircraft and ship building industry, automotive industry and mineral oil processing. However the highest importance is the industry that is related to the harbor and all its activities. The port of Hamburg is the largest port in Germany, the third largest port in Europe and one of the ten largest ports worldwide. Only the port by itself employs around 75,000 people and more than 133,000 jobs are directly or indirectly related to the port due to its high importance as it is one of the most important trading centers in Northern Europe. As for this reason Hamburg sustainability has become very topical as environmental protection has turned into a major factor for business decisions. 3 Environmental issues solved 3.1 Reduction of CO2 emissions Hamburg has gone too far investigating and researching new methods of contributing in the mitigation of climate change. One major issue that has been solved at a considerable percentage is the reduction of CO2 emissions. The efforts are great considering the scale of energy demand, the citys population and the ports traffic. The government itself has gone into an ECO-partnership with the commercial sector, encouraging companies to go beyond statutory requirements regarding CO2 emissions. As for the port, Hamburg has established the Automated container taxis which in fact eliminates the transportation of containers via trucks and instead containers are transported from one terminal to the other, through long distance railway. (New European Economy, 2012) In the city, again Hamburg gives the example, having many cleaner means of transportation for short and long ranges. Not only the worlds biggest fleet of hydrogen-fuelled buses, but also an exclusive bicycle network exists in the city, with additional bike lanes and cycle-hire schemes. (European Union, 2011) Last but not least Hamburg has in many places around the city heating plants which provide district heating. This system produces and provides heating to some districts using, as basic energy consumption renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass, combined with fossil fuels. All these have a huge impact on the environment and people because it has a considerable reduction in CO2 emissions, great noise reduction, less need for fossil fuel consumption, so that means, a healthier and greener way of life. 3.2 Waste water management Sustainable waste water management has been a top priority is Hamburg for more than a decade. Mainly the Public Sewage Company HSE but also other organizations have invested a considerable amount of money so that Hamburg will reach a satisfactory percentage of prevention of waste water to go to lakes and waterways. The key issues that were achieved were the storage of waste water in tanks, the treatment of waste water, which actually is the dehydration of the waste water, the separation of ammonia in the waste water (de nitrification) and the energy production from the separated sludge. Especially in the energy production from the sludge, HSE has done a great job, equipping all the treatment plants with a new chain process which exploits energy resulting from the treated sludge. So as a result of this sewage gases are transformed to electric energy, further decreasing CO2 emissions that stated before. (European Union, 2011) C:UsersPanosDocumentsenviromental engineering Sources2012_04_26_Abb Konzept mit Garrest_eng_skaliert.jpg Also there is a concept to come into force from the HWC company in the near future that will be a great innovation. According to that concept every residence will be able to manage, treat, and recycle the waste water disposal and also convert it to energy. All of the above have as a result the creation of a better environment for the flora and fauna in the lakes and waterways, the recycling of the evaporated water which comes in terms of rain and the increase in the oxygen expulsion. 4 Issue that has not been yet solved Since there isnt any city, state or country in the world that has solved all the environmental problems, same goes for Hamburg that has one critical environmental problem that troubles scientists and researchers for long time now and that goes with river Elbe. Due to Hamburgs location and topography there is a need for dredging of accumulating sediments. Since 1990s, it was decided that the deepening of river Elbe was a critical matter since it was found that the sediments were highly contaminated and they needed to be treated before they could go into disposal. 4.1 River Elbe River Elbe is the third largest river in Central Europe after Danube and Rhine and in terms of length it covers a distance of 1091 km (727 km in Germany, 364 km in Czech Republic). Its catchment area goes through Prague, Dresden, Berlin and Hamburg. Especially around the city of Hamburg, where the port of Hamburg is allocated, river Elbe is influenced by the tide. 4.2 Environmental problems on River Elbe As we mentioned before river Elbe is influenced by the tide. This has as a result to have several sediments staying at the bottom of the river, and following that, the level of the seabed of the river is rising through time. In order to sustain the trade of the harbor by having free passage to ships, as well as keeping the harbor fully operational, the depth of river Elbe and thus the depth of navigation needed to be assured. Constant dredging was the answer to the problem to achieve that depth. At the beginning of the idea, the sediments that were dredged from river Elbe were used again for agriculture. However it was found that the dredged sentiments were contaminated with heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Zn) and organic contaminants (PCB, Dioxins, PAHs) which had great negative impacts to the environment (Heise, 2005). This pollution was a result of upstream industrial activities in the former GDR (German Democratic Republic) and Czech Republic such as pharmaceutical, chemicals from mini ng, pulp and paper, and leather-processing industries (Netzband et al., 2002). Until 2000 there were some measures that were taken in order to reduce this contamination, such as the treatment of the dredged sediments. This system was aparted from two sections. The first section was the pre-treatment which was the separation of the sediments into sand and contaminated silt fraction, and the main treatment was the dewatering process followed by the environmentally safe disposal of the silt. Both treatments were carried out by one large scale plant named METHA (Netzband, 2002). Since 2000 the sediments have been increasing 3 to 4 million m3 per year (HPA, 2005b). This is of great importance to Hamburg and its environment because from one point the sediments have to be dredged more quickly, due to the current needs of the harbor area and from another point the capacity of METHA has already been exceeded. As it is understandable the continuously dredging of river Elbe destroys its morphological environment, and from at the part of the pollutants we already have a decrease in oxygen, combined with the existence of contaminants we have a progressive destruction of the environment. Especially the summer time the oxygen depletion of river Elbe is great which results in a large number of fish kills. 4.3 Possible solutions Although the dredging of river Elbe is an issue that troubles researchers for over two decades, the impacts are not irreversible. Since the reason for deepening river Elbe is solely financial, it is suggested by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, that a second port should be opened as a deep water port, located at Wilhelmshaven and acting as a hub (HA, 2004a). This is one of the best ideas if it will be financially supported, so that the need of 24 hour navigation on river Elbe, regardless of the tide, will be eliminated as well as the need for dredging. Apart from that, the European WFD (Water Framework Directive) implements new quality standards for chemicals used in agriculture.

Ralph Waldo :: essays research papers fc

Introduction Ralph Waldo Emerson "†¦was truly one of our great geniuses" even though he may have a short biography (Hodgins 212). But as Emerson once said himself, "Great geniuses have the shortest biographies." Emerson was also a major leader of "the philosophical movement of Transcendentalism". (Encarta 1) Transcendentalism was belief in a higher reality than that found everyday life that a human can achieve. Biographical Information Emerson was born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father died when he was young and his mother was left with him and his four other siblings. At the age of 18 he graduated from Harvard University and was a teacher for three years in Boston. Then in 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School and preached for three years. At the age of 29 he resigned for ministry, partly because of the death of his wife after only 17 months of marriage. In 1835 he married Lydia Jackson and started to lecture. Then in 1836, he helped to start the Transcendental Club. The Transcendental Club was formed for authors that were part of this historical movement. Emerson was a big part of this and practically initiated the entire club. As we know he was already a major part of the movement and know got himself involved more. Many people and ways of life throughout his career including Neoplatonism, the Hindu religion, Plato and even his wife influenced Emerson. He also inspired many Transcendentalists like Thoreau. Emerson didn’t win any major awards, but he did win the love and appreciation of his readers. Literary Information Emerson wrote many genres of writing including poetry and sermons, but his best writing is found in his essays. Even though he is noted for his essays, he was also a strong force in poetry. Emerson was known for presenting ideas in an expressive style. He wrote about numerous issues including nature, society, conspiracy and freedom. After returning to America after a visit to Engla nd, he wrote for the abolitionist cause, which was eliminating slavery. Emerson used these ideas in his 1837 lecture "The American Scholar," which he presented before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. In it he talked about Americans becoming more intelligently independent. In a second address, commonly referred to as the "Address at Divinity College," given in 1838 to the graduating class of Cambridge Divinity College, brought about a problem because it attacked religion and pushed independence.

Professional Goal Statement

There are many who feel that education ends upon completion of college. I feel differently, however, and understand that there is so much that can be learned in further studies such as graduate school. In line with my decision to pursue my studies in graduate school, I understand that there are more opportunities for those who receive the extra training necessary to be ahead in today’s competitive world. I feel that in order for me to gain an advantage in the field of Organizational Psychology, I need to devote more time and energy in learning more about the recent developments in this field. This will enable to pursue my career as either an experienced business managers or as a human resource professional. †¢ Academic Experience Having completed my degree at the Pennsylvania State University and having specialized in Psychological & Social Sciences, I am confident that I am fully equipped for the minimum requirements of this course. The various courses and training programs that I enrolled in during my tenure in college such as values and ethics in health and human development professions, legal and ethical issues in human services, social psychology, applied social psychology, advanced cognitive psychology, abnormal psychology, child behavior disorders, learning and instruction and elementary statistics in psychology have all given me the insight that I need to keep up with the course requirements for this program. Work /Other Experience I am currently employed as a Social Service Counselor at the Office of Youth and development at the Swanson Youth Center in Monroe, LA. As such, I handle the decision making process of the treatment team including formulating therapeutic activities and recommending a treatment plan as well as managing a caseload by scheduling appointments, evaluating client progress in counseling sessions and making recommendations to the treatment team. I believe that this work experience is vital to my training and the pursuit of my career because it will help to prepare me for what comes ahead. It is said that not every lesson can be learned in the confines of the classroom and that most of what is learned comes from experience. As my resume shows, I have ample work experience that I am confident will be invaluable to my development in the future. †¢ Personal Qualities I get things done. The job gets done faster and more efficiently as and when the objectives are clear, the strategies acceptable, and the resources are available. Of course, in the real world, these do not always happen. To the extent that they happen and to the extent that I can make them happen, I go after them and manage to get the job done. This work ethic which I have developed over time will prove to be very helpful once I am dealing with the requirements of this course. †¢ Why Walden? One of the most difficult choices is always that of choosing a good school for the reason that there are many different factors to consider. There are many things that need to be examined yet when it came to deciding why I would select Walden there was no such difficulty. Given the global reputation that Walden enjoys as being one of the leading academic institutions in the country, it would serve me well to be able to gain the knowledge that this fine school can impart upon me. The fact that the school also offers an online program is another great advantage because it will allow me to study and work at the same time.

Examine the presentation of the relationship between Keith and Stephen in Spies Essays

Examine the presentation of the relationship between Keith and Stephen in Spies Essays Examine the presentation of the relationship between Keith and Stephen in Spies Paper Examine the presentation of the relationship between Keith and Stephen in Spies Paper The relationship between Keith and Stephen is one of the central parts of the book and provides much of the dynamism. Keith and Stephen are best friends and when Keith tells him that his mother is a German Spy the two of them embark on a mission to uncover her secrets. As the story progresses we see both of the characters develop and with this their relationship with each other.At the start of the book Frayn portrays a relatively harmless and normal relationship. As they follow Mrs Hayward, the German spy, around it seems to be a childlike fantasy. The possibility of Keiths mother actually being a spy is fairly unbelievable and there is little suggestion of the secret that is later uncovered. Great plans for underground railways and overhead cableways are described but there is the admission that these plans of Keiths have not been put into effect. On page 50 Frayn presents them as a comic duo as they try and figure out the elusive x. The reader can plainly work out that the x, which is happening each month, is Mrs Haywards period. Frayn is clearly presenting the naivety of the two children to humorous effect. Stephen tries to suggest an explanation for the mysterious x but as he tries in vain he realises,Hes somehow ahead of me again, and simply biding his time to tantalise me.Keith is clearly dominant over Stephen but this is not an unusual arrangement. Stephen explains his status in the relationship in the boyhood terms of,He was the officer corps of our two man army. I was the Other Ranks and grateful to be soStephen is not bitter about the inferiority of his role because it seems natural to him. At some parts of the book Stephen even seems to think of himself as part of Keith. He talks about them as if they are a single entity: we say nothing; we mustnt let her know that we know. This is similar to deadkidsongs by Toby Litt in which, at the start of the book, the gang of boys is portrayed as one single entity which slowly breaks apart as the book progress es. Stefan admits that Keith was one of a long line of dominant figures in his life and so he seems to be a naturally subservient character. In contrast Keiths position as leader seems entirely natural because of his intellectual and imaginative superiority and social background.To understand the nature of their relationship it is important to understand the social contrasts between them. Keiths family is seen as the paragon of what every family should be. In contrast Stephens family is decidedly unsatisfactory. A similar situation exists in L.P Hartleys The Go-Between where Marcuss family is a lot richer than Leos and this creates a feeling of inferiority in Leo. A lot more is said about Keiths parents than is ever said about his own. Keiths dad punishes him and, as absurd as this may seem to the reader, Stephen sees this as the right thing for a father to do. Stephen idolises the well groomed Mrs Hayward whom his own mother, in her faded apron cannot compete with. Stephen feels an admiring jealousy at Keiths luck for having,A father in the Secret Service and a mother whos a German SpyWhereas Stephen doesnt even have one parent of any interest. Unlike the terrible connectedness of his own semidetached house Keiths house stands on its own. Stephen describes, in great detail, the ethereal qualities of Keiths house. The smell in Keiths toy room is a rightful scent; everything in Keiths house seems right. Stephens own house has scuffed armchairs and a boring savannah of a garden. They attend separate schools and wear different uniforms, Stephen remarks that they are colour coded for ease of reference. Stephen acutely feels the social divide between the two families and feels a sense of good fortune in being associated with such a family of heroic proportions. Biblical allusions are present in many of Stephens messianic descriptions of Keith, he says,In each case he uttered the word and the words became soOwing to their relationship Stephen is pushed into doing th ings he would not necessarily do. Stephen is a weak boy and is highly dependant on Keith and this is exploited by Keith. Keith seems to be the main protagonist; he tells Stephen about his mother, he makes them look in her diary and he chooses to follow her. When they go to her study Stephen voices his reservations that her journal is private but Keith has no qualms about such matters and ignores his friends comment. Stephen does not have the strength to assert any control over Keith and thus he complies with Keiths wishes. Stephen finds it hard to articulate himself and thus Keith provides what Stephen lacks. Keith seems to have somewhat of a moral deficit and thus his and Stephens relationship is a dangerous one because Stephen is easily led. He is constantly making Stephen feel inferior whether it is verbally or by a disdainful silence. Keith castigates Stephen when he discovers that he hid his face in fear of the mysterious man. Even before Keith calls him a baby Stephen anticipa tes his reaction and feel ashamed. Keiths hypocrisy is revealed later on when he hides his face in fear. Stephen has internalised Keiths view of him and a lot of what he does out of shame. He goes out at night to make one heroic deed which will cause all his weaknesses and errors to be wiped away. A similar relationship exists in Litts deadkidsongs; Andrews psychopathic agenda draws the rest of gang into criminal activities. The full potency of Keith and Stephens relationship is revealed when they attack the tramp. Stephen seems to morph in Keith and shows a sadistic pleasure in scaring the tramp,I cant wait to see the comical terror on the old mans faceStephen is mimicking Keiths attitude. The bullied has transformed into the bully. Stephen relishes the chance to assert authority upon what he perceives to be a lesser being. We can trace the origins of this conduct back up the chain of authority to Keiths father.Despite Stephens worshipping of the Haywards there is already a rift be tween his perception and the readers. He never mentions that Keiths dad is retired and that this is the reason for him always being at home. He seems to admire the fact that Mr Hayward canes Keith and criticises his father for not doing this seems absurd to the reader. Stephens perception of what is right has no real logical basis and this is revealed by phrases like,Greens the right colour for a bicycle, just as its the wrong one for a belt or a busThe reader cant help but feel sorry for Mr Wheatley who went away for a year but nobody really noticed. The extent of Stephens warped perceptions is gradually revealed throughout the book. Even relatively near the beginning Stephens belief in Keiths intellectual superiority is called into question when Keith misspells privet and secrit. Barbara Berril tells Stephen that, no-one likes him except you and refers to him as stuck-up and horrible. Gradually the image Stephen provides us of a hero is eroded to expose Keith as being just a dama ged little boy. Keiths cruelty culminates in his attack on Stephen. Keith attacks him with his own bayonet in an imitation of his fathers violence.Keith attacks Stephen because he thinks that Stephen has broken their oath. There is a very ritualistic element to their friendship which Keith takes very seriously. At the beginning Keith makes Stephen swear on the bayonet never to reveal anything and, foreshadowing Keiths attack, Keith makes him say,So cut my throat and hope to dieThis oath is another way in which Keith asserts his control over the malleable Stephen. Like many other things in the book this seemed to be just a childish game but it has dark consequences. When he thinks Stephen has broken this oath Keith feels himself losing control and cuts Stephens throat with the bayonet. Stephen realises by now that part of the reason for Keiths actions are what is happening in his house, he says,the crime hes punishing in me is not mine at all, but one thats being committed in his own house.Keith might be perceived as a lonely and abused boy exerting dominance over Stephen as some form of self validation. From the start links are drawn between Keith and his father and as the true extent of his fathers cruelty is realised so is Keiths. Keith goes from merely imitating his fathers half lidded stair and adopting affectations like old bean to outright violence. Keith makes no attempt to stand up for himself and says,My heart shrivels at the sound of his fathers tone and his fathers phrase, at my own hopelessnessThe relationship between these two young boys is the stimulus of the plot. Keith and Stephen both begin a game but find themselves flung into the dangerous adult world. Together they cross the frontier into another country altogether. At the end it seems to be Stephen who comes out of the ordeal the worse. The inferiority Stephen feels at the expense of Keith is what motivates him to uncover the secret. Frayn uses the relationship to present how appearances c an be deceiving. At the start Frayn presents us a seemingly innocent and typical relationship. They are two boys wrapped up in their own fantasy world of German spies and conspiracy. However, the relationship transmutes and as the book progresses it becomes increasingly more dangerous.

How Shakespeare presents Iago as an evil villain Essays

How Shakespeare presents Iago as an evil villain Essays How Shakespeare presents Iago as an evil villain Paper How Shakespeare presents Iago as an evil villain Paper Shakespeares villain Iago, within the play Othello is created as one of the most malicious, devilish characters within his works; possibly the worst as his machinations exceed those of many other Shakespearean villains. Iago appears to have very little reason to perform his notoriously villainous acts. His motive and reasoning is his joy of destruction, which seems to magnify into a passion by the final climatic scenes. Destruction is Iagos goal as well as sport. The motives behind his aim for destruction are too petty and minute to be able to make any justification in his attempts to destroy the lives of everyone around him. It is his lack of significant motive that forms him into the true devil. Iago is the evil force behind the plot, leading Othello into a tragic chain of disaster resulting in the murder of his own innocent wife. For all companionship that Iago offers his nai ve fellow characters, he intentionally defies their trust. William Robertson Turnbull, the critic, describes, Iago is an unbeliever in, and denier of, all things spiritual, who only acknowledges God, like Satan, to defy him. There are many levels within the play in which Iago is referred to as The Devil, therefore, the play is heavy in hellish and satanic imagery, particularly in the final scene. Shakespeare creates a successful villain who manipulates both audience and characters, seemingly narrating the events as if the story was his own. Iago tampers with the events and evidence, effectively playing the hand of God to create the intellectual masterpiece of his intrigue. As Leavis argues, It was the external evil, the malice of the demi-devil that turned a happy story about romantic love into a tragedy. It is debatable whether the play should have been titled after Iagos name rather than the hero that Shakespeare creates in Othello. It is illogical to argue that the outcome was fatalistic as Iagos plotting is so clear and blatant within his asides and monologues that the unfolding events rely on his actions and intellect to generate the outcome. Iago cleverly manipulates events throughout the entire play, until the end when the villainous character gets his comeuppance and is found out. He is put into a living hell, suggesting the idea that a punishment must fit the crime- the end of his speech will end all manipulation. Shakespearean audiences demanded morals and values to be displayed and therefore a punishment had to be undertaken by the playwright. The play ends on a damned Iago who will never speak again, entrapping himself into his hell, unable to manipulate with words again. This final scene is where the audience can truly see the villain as the devil; Iago has sealed his own fate. Iagos evil attributes are intensified as the play progresses as the audience are shown ruthlessness and revenge; he will not let anything disrupt his path to success. His motives are entirely self-orientated, it is clear that Iago does not have any compassion for any character, not even his own wife who he murders in the final scene as a last attempt to avoid discovery. Fie! Your sword upon a woman? This is a pivotal point within the final scene where the villainous demi-devil becomes apparent to the other characters on the stage. The audience is informed at the start of the play that he does in fact, hate the moor and this is reiterated frequently within the play. From Roderigo all he wants is his money; put money is thy purse is repeated eight times in one conversation with this particular victim, cleverly used to apparently persuade him to refrain from committing suicide. He tells Roderigo to avoid being a slave to morality and live for himself and act upon his own will, this highlights the distinct difference between Iagos actions and the actions of the other characters within the play, distinguishing a factor separating good from evil. Iago supposedly has the answers to everyones problems; he presents himself as an advisor, disguising his true intentions and creating a trustee and confidant for the other characters. While their lives fall apart around them, Iago immediately arrives on the scene to give a word of advice, which is why so many times he is referred to as Honest Iago. He toys with their emotions, changes their priorities to fit his own and works his black magic on them all. He lulls them into a false sense of hope and security that everything will be alright, even though it is clear to the audience that there is sinister meaning in it. Not only does he not care for their situations, but he in fact put them there and in addition he will immediately use their misfortune to his advantage, Thus I do ever make my fool my purse he says quite fittingly. He has tamed the situation so that every way meets his advantage, Whether he kill Cassio, or Cassio him, or each do kill the other, everyway makes my gain. Shakespeare uses Iagos asides to demonstrate his scheming and plotting. Iagos plans derive from an intense intellect and ability to manipulate a situation. In Act 2 Scene 3 Iago explores his own presentation as the devil. Not only does he describe how he will pour this pestilence into his ear, relating his words to venom dripping into the ears of his victims. He also describes his actions as, When devils will the blackest sin put on, They do suggest at first with heavenly shows. He suggests that he himself is the devil, performing his cunning and masterful scheme behind the mask of heavenly shows. He seems to relish in his manifesting ideas and evil intentions, pleasure and action make the hours seem short. Iago can be compared to a pantomime villain as the omniscient audience watch him twist the outcome, reveal his malicious intentions directly within his soliloquies and relish in an opportunity to accommodate other peoples actions to benefit his own fate, it almost feels appropriate to heckle Iago as he enters the stage. Shakespearean audiences would most likely have done so because his presentation as an evil character is so incontestable. Iago can be seen therefore as the epitome of evil; Shakespeare creates him as a liar, a murderer, selfish, lustful avenger and intellectual puppeteer. His captivation over the other characters ensures that he shall not be found out. Unfortunately before Roderigo, apparently the wisest of the characters by the end, is killed by his hand before he can deliver the truth, Here is a letter found in the pocket of the slain Roderigo Roderigo meant t have sent this damned villain. It could be interpreted however that Iago is not as evil as he is portrayed. Iago has the intelligence to sculpt the outcome as he wishes, seizing all opportunity he can to do so. Othello appears to be in contrast, a highly unintelligent character, ridden with jealousy and gullibility. Othello is a fool to base all his evidence on the ocular proof of the handkerchief. The word in itself mocks him as he obsesses over it. His quick judgments to blame his wife who previously he loved so intensely shows his stupidity and fickleness. Iago may not be such a villain, and perhaps more of a man seeking revenge on the one who he thinks to have slept with his wife, I hate the Moor, and it is thought that twixt my sheets, hes done my office. Just as Othello seeks revenge on his own wife for the same reason, and yet Othello is entitled as the tragic hero. Iago is a murderer, however we cannot overlook the fact that so is Othello. Iago kills only his wife and Roderigo. All other killings were not by his own hand, but through the hand of others. Othello, the supposed hero of the play, also kills his own wife, without any concrete proof, only with Iagos suggestions that he often claims could be uncleanly apprehensions. The initial suggestion of Desdemonas infidelity is almost forced out of him. Iago kills Emilia as she betrays him as a wife; Othello was not forced to kill Desdemona by Iago. It is true that Iago does play a part in Othellos motive but Othello ultimately does have his own mind, although obviously his will power is not as strong as the average hero. However it is the lack of conscience and morals that Shakespeare highlights in Iago through murder, deception and robbery that distinguishes Othello as the hero, and Iago as the villain. Desdemonas murder occurs over 126 lines of Act 5 Scene 2. Othello justifies his reasons with his wife and the audience can view the tragedy through Othellos own emotional breakdown within this scene as he tries to come to terms with the justice that Iago has created for the reasoning behind killing Desdemona. In contrast, the murders undertaken by the hand of Iago are merciless, spontaneous and without moral reasoning or emotional effect on Iago. Like many other villains, Iago carries a strong, witty personality which makes some people identify with him as a character more strongly than with the hero. Every other character within the play could be viewed as insipid, feeble characters, without a real presence and likeability. It could be the lack of other strong characters that emphasises the opposing villainy in Iago. Iago in essence is just the brightest of the bunch, who mocks all others ignorance. As Iago dominates the majority of the play, using soliloquies and entering all but one scene, effectively taking the role of protagonist, he gives the audience an insight to his future machinations, thus making the audience omniscient and could therefore become more involved with his evil plans. The play Othello reflects the turn of a noble man into a monster through the temptations and machinations of the devil. Iago seems to have such a hold over his victim that Othello seems almost mindless or hypnotised. Shakespeare presents Iago as his villain with a cunning wit and the immense ability to manipulate any situation or person, thus ensnared my body and soul, as Othello describes. Iago seizes Othello and uses him as his puppet and tool for the composition of his plan. Iago acts as the inner voice, the tempting of the devil, towards his puppets, yet he remains discreet to make them his fools. Oh the more angel she and you the blacker devil Emilia addresses her husband at the end of the play, highlighting the roles in which her husband plays in contrast to her mistress. Emilia knows that Iago is the cause and reveals the inner evil within her husband and does not hold back to display it. She does not attempt to save any of his dignity despite the role as his wife and a subservient woman, which contrasts to Desdemonas forgiveness of his sins previously. The final scene is where the animal imagery is cut and the imagery of hellish pits and demons take over, creating a diabolical ending where the devil is trapped within a living hell and the heavenly characters are spared in death. Shakespeare uses strong imagery of hell, roast me in sulphur, wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire to emphasise the transition from a man with cruel intentions and intellectual plotting to a pure demonic character, overtaken with sin and murderous intent. Shakespeare does not allow Othello to kill Iago as proof. Othello says, if thou best a devil, I cannot kill thee. The final image upon the stage separates the good from the evil, as the three lay on the bed in tranquil death, and Iago watches them from a forcedly silent sideline, in his own personal hell. Shakespeare does not spare the characters representing heaven and goodness in life because if he did so, the true devil within Iago could not break out and be recognised, therefore there would be no tragedy. Shakespeare takes his character to the next level of villainy, comparing Iago with the ultimate evil: The Devil. Iago is an anti-hero, working alongside those who he is conspiring against. He has a complete lack of morals, which never seem to have been present, even at the outset he is presented as a thief. This absence of conscience creates the frequent associations with the Devil. Shakespeares thick use of satanic imagery reinforces the extent of his villainy.